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Sejarah Indonesia meliputi suatu rentang waktu yang sangat panjang yang dimulai sejak zaman prasejarah berdasarkan penemuan "Manusia Jawa" yang berusia 1,7 juta tahun yang lalu. Periode sejarah Indonesia dapat dibagi menjadi lima era: Era Prakolonial, munculnya kerajaan-kerajaan Hindu-Buddha serta Islam di Jawa dan Sumatera yang terutama mengandalkan perdagangan; Era Kolonial, masuknya orang-orang Eropa (terutama Belanda) yang menginginkan rempah-rempah mengakibatkan penjajahan oleh Belanda selama sekitar 3,5 abad antara awal abad ke-17 hingga pertengahan abad ke-20; Era Kemerdekaan Awal, pasca-Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia (1945) sampai jatuhnya Soekarno (1966); Era Orde Baru, 32 tahun masa pemerintahan Soeharto (1966–1998); serta Orde Reformasi yang berlangsung sampai sekarang.

Prasejarah, Secara geologi, wilayah Indonesia modern (untuk kemudahan, selanjutnya disebut Nusantara) merupakan pertemuan antara tiga lempeng benua utama: Lempeng Eurasia, Lempeng Indo-Australia, dan Lempeng Pasifik (lihat artikel Geologi Indonesia). Kepulauan Indonesia seperti yang ada saat ini terbentuk pada saat melelehnya es setelah berakhirnya Zaman Es, sekitar 10.000 tahun yang lalu.

Pada masa Pleistosen, ketika masih terhubung dengan Asia Daratan, masuklah pemukim pertama. Bukti pertama yang menunjukkan penghuni awal adalah fosil-fosil Homo erectus manusia Jawa dari masa 2 juta hingga 500.000 tahun lalu. Penemuan sisa-sisa "manusia Flores" (Homo floresiensis)[1] di Liang Bua, Flores, membuka kemungkinan masih bertahannya H. erectus hingga masa Zaman Es terakhir.[2]
Logo hari kemerdekaan indonesia 70
HUT RI 2015

Homo sapiens pertama diperkirakan masuk ke Nusantara sejak 100.000 tahun yang lalu melewati jalur pantai Asia dari Asia Barat, dan pada sekitar 60 000 sampai 70 000 tahun yang lalu telah mencapai Pulau Papua dan Australia.[3] Mereka, yang berfenotipe kulit gelap dan rambut ikal rapat, menjadi nenek moyang penduduk asli Melanesia (termasuk Papua) sekarang dan membawa kultur kapak lonjong (Paleolitikum). Gelombang pendatang berbahasa Austronesia dengan kultur Neolitikum datang secara bergelombang sejak 3000 SM dari Cina Selatan melalui Formosa dan Filipina membawa kultur beliung persegi (kebudayaan Dongson). Proses migrasi ini merupakan bagian dari pendudukan Pasifik. Kedatangan gelombang penduduk berciri Mongoloid ini cenderung ke arah barat, mendesak penduduk awal ke arah timur atau berkawin campur dengan penduduk setempat dan menjadi ciri fisik penduduk Maluku serta Nusa Tenggara. Pendatang ini membawa serta teknik-teknik pertanian, termasuk bercocok tanam padi di sawah (bukti paling lambat sejak abad ke-8 SM), beternak kerbau, pengolahan perunggu dan besi, teknik tenun ikat, praktik-praktik megalitikum, serta pemujaan roh-roh (animisme) serta benda-benda keramat (dinamisme). Pada abad pertama SM sudah terbentuk pemukiman-pemukiman serta kerajaan-kerajaan kecil, dan sangat mungkin sudah masuk pengaruh kepercayaan dari India akibat hubungan perniagaan.

Sejarah Awal, Para cendekiawan India telah menulis tentang Dwipantara atau kerajaan Hindu Jawa Dwipa di pulau Jawa dan Sumatra atau Swarna dwipa sekitar 200 SM. Bukti fisik awal yang menyebutkan mengenai adanya dua kerajaan bercorak Hinduisme pada abad ke-5, yaitu: Kerajaan Tarumanagara yang menguasai Jawa Barat dan Kerajaan Kutai di pesisir Sungai Mahakam, Kalimantan. Pada tahun 425 agama Buddha telah mencapai wilayah tersebut.

Di saat Eropa memasuki masa Renaisans, Nusantara telah mempunyai warisan peradaban berusia ribuan tahun dengan dua kerajaan besar yaitu Sriwijaya di Sumatra dan Majapahit di Jawa, ditambah dengan puluhan kerajaan kecil yang sering kali menjadi vazal tetangganya yang lebih kuat atau saling terhubung dalam semacam ikatan perdagangan (seperti di Maluku).

Kerajaan Hindu dan Budha, Pada abad ke-4 hingga abad ke-7 di wilayah Jawa Barat terdapat kerajaan bercorak Hindu-Budha yaitu kerajaan Tarumanagara yang dilanjutkan dengan Kerajaan Sunda sampai abad ke-16. Pada masa abad ke-7 hingga abad ke-14, kerajaan Buddha Sriwijaya berkembang pesat di Sumatra. Penjelajah Tiongkok I Ching mengunjungi ibukotanya Palembang sekitar tahun 670. Pada puncak kejayaannya, Sriwijaya menguasai daerah sejauh Jawa Barat dan Semenanjung Melayu. Abad ke-14 juga menjadi saksi bangkitnya sebuah kerajaan Hindu di Jawa Timur, Majapahit. Patih Majapahit antara tahun 1331 hingga 1364, Gajah Mada berhasil memperoleh kekuasaan atas wilayah yang kini sebagian besarnya adalah Indonesia beserta hampir seluruh Semenanjung Melayu. Warisan dari masa Gajah Mada termasuk kodifikasi hukum dan dalam kebudayaan Jawa, seperti yang terlihat dalam wiracarita Ramayana.

Kerajaan Islam,
Islam sebagai sebuah pemerintahan hadir di Indonesia sekitar abad ke-12, namun sebenarnya Islam sudah sudah masuk ke Indonesia pada abad 7 Masehi. Saat itu sudah ada jalur pelayaran yang ramai dan bersifat internasional melalui Selat Malaka yang menghubungkan Dinasti Tang di Cina, Sriwijaya di Asia Tenggara dan Bani Umayyah di Asia Barat sejak abad 7.[4]
Menurut sumber-sumber Cina menjelang akhir perempatan ketiga abad 7, seorang pedagang Arab menjadi pemimpin pemukiman Arab muslim di pesisir pantai Sumatera. Islam pun memberikan pengaruh kepada institusi politik yang ada. Hal ini nampak pada Tahun 100 H (718 M) Raja Sriwijaya Jambi yang bernama Srindravarman mengirim surat kepada Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz dari Kekhalifahan Bani Umayyah meminta dikirimkan da'i yang bisa menjelaskan Islam kepadanya. Surat itu berbunyi: “Dari Raja di Raja yang adalah keturunan seribu raja, yang isterinya juga cucu seribu raja, yang di dalam kandang binatangnya terdapat seribu gajah, yang di wilayahnya terdapat dua sungai yang mengairi pohon gaharu, bumbu-bumbu wewangian, pala dan kapur barus yang semerbak wanginya hingga menjangkau jarak 12 mil, kepada Raja Arab yang tidak menyekutukan tuhan-tuhan lain dengan Allah. Saya telah mengirimkan kepada anda hadiah, yang sebenarnya merupakan hadiah yang tak begitu banyak, tetapi sekedar tanda persahabatan. Saya ingin Anda mengirimkan kepada saya seseorang yang dapat mengajarkan Islam kepada saya dan menjelaskan kepada saya tentang hukum-hukumnya.” Dua tahun kemudian, yakni tahun 720 M, Raja Srindravarman, yang semula Hindu, masuk Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi pun dikenal dengan nama 'Sribuza Islam'. Sayang, pada tahun 730 M Sriwijaya Jambi ditawan oleh Sriwijaya Palembang yang masih menganut Budha.[5]
Islam terus mengokoh menjadi institusi politik yang mengemban Islam. Misalnya, sebuah kesultanan Islam bernama Kesultanan Peureulak didirikan pada 1 Muharram 225 H atau 12 November 839 M. Contoh lain adalah Kerajaan Ternate. Islam masuk ke kerajaan di kepulauan Maluku ini tahun 1440. Rajanya seorang Muslim bernama Bayanullah.
Kesultanan Islam kemudian semikin menyebarkan ajaran-ajarannya ke penduduk dan melalui pembauran, menggantikan Hindu sebagai kepercayaan utama pada akhir abad ke-16 di Jawa dan Sumatera. Hanya Bali yang tetap mempertahankan mayoritas Hindu. Di kepulauan-kepulauan di timur, rohaniawan-rohaniawan Kristen dan Islam diketahui sudah aktif pada abad ke-16 dan 17, dan saat ini ada mayoritas yang besar dari kedua agama di kepulauan-kepulauan tersebut.
Penyebaran Islam dilakukan melalui hubungan perdagangan di luar Nusantara; hal ini, karena para penyebar dakwah atau mubaligh merupakan utusan dari pemerintahan Islam yang datang dari luar Indonesia, maka untuk menghidupi diri dan keluarga mereka, para mubaligh ini bekerja melalui cara berdagang, para mubaligh inipun menyebarkan Islam kepada para pedagang dari penduduk asli, hingga para pedagang ini memeluk Islam dan meyebarkan pula ke penduduk lainnya, karena umumnya pedagang dan ahli kerajaan lah yang pertama mengadopsi agama baru tersebut. Kerajaan Islam penting termasuk di antaranya: Kerajaan Samudera Pasai, Kesultanan Banten yang menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan negara-negara Eropa, Kerajaan Mataram, Kerajaan Iha, Kesultanan Ternate dan Kesultanan Tidore di Maluku.

(Sumber Resmi : https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Indonesia ).

Mesothelioma-Lawyer
Mesothelioma-Lawyer

For decades, mesothelioma, a life-threatening disease that can affect the lungs, abdomen, and several other major organs, has been linked to prolonged exposure to asbestos.Typically, mesothelioma victims were exposed to asbestos while working at a job site that used asbestos-containing materials (ACMs). In many cases, the manufacturers of asbestos and ACMs knew of the hidden dangers and risks of asbestos, yet failed to inform the public, as asbestos was an extremely profitable mineral. Because of the hinderance of information, workers who developed health issues from asbestos exposure may be eligible for financial compensation to cover expenses such as lost wages, medical bills, emotional suffering, physical pain, and more.

Mesothelioma Law Firm

If you suffer from an asbestos-related disease, you may be eligible for a large amount of compensation. Currently, there is over $30 billion in asbestos trust funds, set up for those who have been diagnosed with an asbestos-related illness. Use our free Asbestos Attorney Locator Tool to find a top mesothelioma attorney in your area.







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What Does a Mesothelioma Law Firm Do?

Mesothelioma law firms are different from any other type of law firm. Whereas other law firms may specialize in specific areas such as car accidents or nursing home abuse, mesothelioma law firms focus primarily on mesothelioma and other asbestos-related diseases. It’s not recommended to retain legal representation from a general practice law firm or even a personal injury law firm that specializes in a wide array of injury cases. You’ll need an attorney who specifically specializes in mesothelioma cases, as these types of lawsuits are extremely intricate and require vast, in-depth understanding of asbestos exposure and diseases.

Attorneys in a mesothelioma law firm have the knowledge and experience regarding federal and state laws concerning asbestos use and its history in the workforce. They also have sharp investigative skills and are able to dig deep to uncover when and where companies and/or other entities exposed workers to asbestos. Additionally, mesothelioma law firms are comprised of educated attorneys who understand the legal process involving courts, trials, settlements, and appeals.

Moreover, an experienced malignant mesothelioma law firm understands that the victim is already suffering enough because of the medical and financial problems associated with asbestos-related diseases. As a result, the law firm will handle most everything regarding the lawsuit, including fighting for the legal rights of the client, interviewing witnesses, obtaining medical history, litigations, and more.

A dedicated mesothelioma law firm also understands the severe emotional impact that living with mesothelioma brings, not only to victims, but to family members and loved ones as well. An experienced mesothelioma law firm takes this into account and helps ease the minds of victims and their loved ones throughout this enduring process.

What to Look for When Hiring an Asbestos Law Firm

Unfortunately, not all mesothelioma law firms are the same. While some may have several years of experience, other law firms are relatively new to the area of mesothelioma. In addition, some law firms may concentrate on other areas of law besides mesothelioma while another law firm may solely focus on asbestos cases.
Aside from using your good judgement when determining which law firm you should use, there are several factors you should consider:

The law firm should have experience in dealing with mesothelioma cases.
The law firm should be extremely knowledgeable in asbestos laws and prior cases.
Look for a law firm that focuses solely on asbestos-related cases.
Look for law firms with a stellar reputation in handling asbestos cases.
The law firm should not only understand asbestos laws, but should also have extensive knowledge of medical problems associated with asbestos diseases.
The law firm should always keep you updated on what’s going on in your case. Although attorneys are busy people, they should be accessible.
You should always get an initial consultation at no charge before deciding on a mesothelioma law firm.
Keep in mind that it’s not recommended to retain a mesothelioma law firm that promises you that you will win your case no matter what. Although statistics show that the majority mesothelioma victims do go on to win their lawsuits, there are a variety of factors involved, and no case is guaranteed. An experienced mesothelioma law firm will help you to understand your chances and what is involved, but will never assure that your case is 100% guaranteed.

Making Things Easier

Although leading mesothelioma law firms do the majority of work for your case, it’s always a good idea to be prepared and make things easier so that the process gets rolling faster.
First, make sure to gather your medical documents, including when and where you were diagnosed, and bring this information to your initial meeting. This will allow the law firm to determine if your case can be taken on.

Next, be prepared to provide the law firm with your work history and information including the full company name, address, phone number, your job role, and how long you worked there.
Finally, start keeping track of all expenses used pertaining to your disease. For example, always keep a copy of medical bills, hospital visits, mileage used to get to appointments, medical supplies, and anything other expense you paid out due to your illness.

How a Mesothelioma Law Firm Can Personally Help You

When first getting started, victims usually have a plethora of unanswered questions regarding asbestos and their rights. A mesothelioma law firm should be able to provide you with following information:
Evidence Related to Your Exposure: Once you provide the law firm with your work information, they should be able to investigate and determine how asbestos was used at your workplace. In some cases, they may already have the information available.

If You Truly Have an Asbestos Claim: Mesothelioma law firms understand what’s needed in order to have a true asbestos claim. With this knowledge, they are able to determine how strong your case is and what the estimated chances are that you’ll win. Most attorneys make sure they’re confident in your case before taking it on. Be wary of any attorney who promises to take your case without knowing any of the details or an attorney who claims they can get you an exact amount of compensation before reviewing your case.
Your Case Worth: If the law firm decides you have an asbestos case, they will then be able to come up with an average figure of how much your case is worth. This is including past expenses, daily expenses, medical bills, lost wages, emotional trauma, physical suffering, future expenses, and much more. Keep in mind, however, that there is no set formula as to how much your award amount may be. The aforementioned factors, along with other details, such as if your former company has a trust fund set up or not, will also come into play.

Who Exactly is Responsible: It can be difficult for the average person to determine who exactly is responsible for exposing victims to asbestos. For example, companies can move, go out of business, hide, suppress relevant information, and change ownerships. In some cases, your former company is responsible, the manufacturer of the asbestos products may be responsible, or supervisors and/or owners may be responsible. In other instances, there may be just one sole responsible entity, yet in a different case, there may be several responsible parties. Remember that part of an experienced mesothelioma law firm’s job is to research, seek out, and determine the entity or responsible parties that are liable for your exposure to asbestos.

Mesothelioma Law Firm Fees

Mesothelioma law firms may have different fees as well as different payment options. However, an experienced and caring law firm understands that victims of asbestos-related diseases more than likely have enough financial burden in dealing with their illness, and are unable to afford up-front fees for legal representation. As a result, many law firms work on what’s known as a contingency fee basis, meaning that the law firm only gets paid when you get paid.

If the law firm doesn’t win your case, they don’t receive compensation either in most instances. The good news, however, is that a law firm has to be confident enough in your case to take it on, meaning there is a good chance that if your case is picked up, it will be successful.

Law firm fees are percentages taken out of your total settlement or verdict amount, and again, the percentage amount will vary depending upon the law firm. Make sure you understand how the fees and percentages work with your law firm beforehand so that there will be no confusion later on.

If a law firm doesn’t provide a contingency fee basis, there is a good chance that they don’t have to financial resources to successfully prove your case. Keep in mind that you’ll want a law firm that has the financial capability  to take on your case on a contingency fee basis.

Attorneys without the resources to handle your case usually can’t provide you with the best representation. An ideal rule of thumb is to ask up-front about how the fees work so that there are no surprises later on. Attorneys with your best interest in mind will have no problems answering any questions you have regarding fees and prices.


Frequently Asked Mesothelioma Law Firm Questions

Do I have to go to court? 

This is one of the most commonly asked questions, which is understandable, as most people who are dealing with an asbestos-related illness generally do not want to spend time in a court room. Generally, you will not have to go to court. Most mesothelioma lawsuits are taken care of via settlements.
In some instances, however, if the defense doesn’t agree on a settlement or if you don’t agree on a settlement, you may have to go to trial, which requires going to court. An experienced mesothelioma law firm will help you through every step of the way, and if you are too ill to attend, arrangements can be made to record your testimony beforehand.

What if I don’t know which company exposed me to asbestos? 

As previously mentioned, part of a mesothelioma law firm’s job is to uncover the parties responsible for your asbestos exposure. The culpable parties are typically manufacturers who supplied asbestos to job sites, which can range from one company to many.
I have workers’ compensation benefits. Can a mesothelioma law firm still help me even if I have other compensation benefits?

Other compensation benefits, such as workers’ compensation or VA benefits, doesn’t disqualify you from seeking compensation from the companies who exposed you to asbestos. A mesothelioma law firm can help you file a lawsuit against the responsible parties.

Additional Tips to Remember

When searching for a mesothelioma law firm, you shouldn’t narrow your search down to your local community only. There’s a chance that your case may be filed out of state.
An experienced mesothelioma lawyer should have no problems flying to your city to meet with you, given that they are out of state.

Although the law firm should be able to give you an average figure that you may receive, giving an exact amount is impossible. Any mesothelioma law firm that guarantees you an exact amount should be considered untrustworthy.

A mesothelioma should be able to handle not only mesothelioma cases for survivors, but wrongful death cases involving asbestos exposure.


Help With Finding an Experienced Asbestos Law Firm

Remember to use our Asbestos Attorney Locator Tool to find a leading mesothelioma attorney in your area. For additional assistance, contact us at 800-694-4856.

Link source : http://www.mesotheliomalawyercenter.org/mesothelioma-asbestos-law-firm/